Identifying Their Usefulness Towards Students Studying...

Sustainability as stated in the oxford dictionary is defined as the ability of something to be maintained at a certain rate or level. For Geographers this term is often widely used within the discipline. It can be used to refer to sustainable development or to describe aspects within nature such as sustainable environments. In this literature review, we will be looking at three different types of resources that discuss sustainability. Before evaluating their usefulness towards students studying geography. We will begin by looking at the most traditional form of resource used by students, a book by Cabezas et al, that discusses a multi-disciplinary view of sustainability, then more on towards more modern resources such as academic journals†¦show more content†¦2012). Combing the ecological, political and cultural definitions to come to this conclusion. Very early on the book the importance of sustainability is stressed, linking it both the human and physical geographical view points in its analysis. Stating that the overconsumption, coupled with the dramatic increase in our population, taxing the earth in what they argue in a way our species has not done so before (Cabezas et al. 2012). Before delving into the history of sustainability, and its various related disciplines. The book then proceeds to discuss the subject from a biological point of view, before discussing the other disciplines views relating to the subject. The second key resource, the academic journal as discovered on search engine Primo that is hosted by the University. With a link directing towards some of the journals articles located on the Journals homepage. This journal written by Ravera et al in 2013, looks at rural change and farms vulnerability within the semi-arid areas located within north Nicaragua. With the authors focusing mainly at the beginning of the article towards the ever increasing rural development within the North Nicaragua. Stating that the majority of Nicaragua poor live in these semi-arid areas, where access to natural resources is limited (Ravera et al 2013). Coupled along with the over-farming and high population living within the area, the area suffers the undernourishment. Leading to low levels of sustainability, considering

Writing Is A Basic Skills - 863 Words

As we all know, writing is a basic skills in our life. It is a necessary skill for us to develop ourselves and help us to do many things successfully. However, there is no doubt that writing can be difficult and hard. To be honest, my writing skill is not wonderful. There are many mistakes will be made in my essay, such as grammar mistakes, wrong spell of vocabulary and the logic of chaos, which make me cannot write a excellent essay as I expect. So after knowing that I would be taking CC112, I was really worried and uneasy. I was really afraid that I could not pass the class and make my parents upset. However, I had to say that I really learned a lot from the class after the whole semester. Not only the skills of writing, but also the analysis of the article, which make me feel more confident than before. Now I want to share my own experience of skills that I learned from the class. First of all, in our class, the style of studying is really excellent. It is not just we followed wha t the teacher said as I thought before. On the one hand, we really had an active atmosphere in our class. Professor Shelly enjoyed listening our own ideas and thoughts instead of she talking all the class. So if we had some thoughts or questions, we will not be too shy to hide our thoughts and be brave enough to ask or suggest with her encouragement. I found I understand the class and learned how to use these knowledge easily in this atmosphere even my English is not well. On the other hand,Show MoreRelatedThe Big Three Types Of Basic Writing Skill1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Big Three It is essential that everyone has some type of basic writing skill because it will help anyone who is reading or writing an essay, paper, or even a book to efficiently communicate with their reader. With the lack of grammar and structure of the essence of writing, it would be meaningless. 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By being knowledgeable on all you can about learning disabilities, you can make sure your child gets the adequateRead MoreThe Value Of Computer Assisted Language Learning1672 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes towards it in EFL writing classes, in addition to the possible barriers that may hinder their using to the word processor. 1.1.1. Writing skills Writing is one of the basic skills in the process of acquiring EFL. Also, it is a productive skill. It is considered the most difficult skill among the four basic skills. Writing was considered an effective tool to communicate with others by expressing thoughts, feelings, and opinions. Al-Jumaily (2014) defines writing as â€Å"the process of using

God Nature Description (1819 words) Essay Example For Students

God Nature Description (1819 words) Essay God Nature DescriptionSo many people have a false interpretation of who God really is. Understandingwho God really is can clear up a lot of false pretences (ideas) that so manypeople have about Him. According to the Bible, there are a number of differentnames and interpretations for who God truly is. WHO GOD REALLY IS! Yahweh*Eternal God most common name used for God in the Old Testament (6829times) *The New Testament uses the word Lord He who is He who is trulypresent Yahweh is not merely one god among many; he is the Creator andRuler of heaven and earth, who is worthy of and demands the exclusive homage ofhis people Yahweh Rapha *I am for I am the Lord, who healsyou. Exodus 15:26 There have been countless times that Gods healing powerhas been recorded in the Bible as well as on other accounts. Mostly commonlyknown should be when God sent his only Son to save the world from eternaldamnation (Hell). I personally have seen instances and know people who God hasdelivered from sicknesse s and other forms of evil. When I was a freshmanin high school my best friends mother was diagnosed with three forms oncancer, she was not expected to live due to the late discovery and severity ofthe cancer. She is doing great, back to her job, and is in remission. Ways GodHeals people! Yahweh Shalom: * Yahweh is peace Yahweh Shammah *The Lordis There 35The distance all around will be 18,000 cubits. Andthe name of the city from that time on will be: THE LORD IS THERE. Ezekiel 48:35 *Although this is referring to the twelve tribes Israel in the OldTestament, I think that this could have been a prophecy that God willcontinually be surrounding us. Yahweh Tsabbaoth *Lord of Hosts *LordAlmighty *In the New Testament Host is refer to as angles, which could beseen as protection, guidance during tough times, and most importantly a sourceof encouragement during times of sickness or pain. Yahweh Tsidkenu *Yahwehour righteousness 5The days are coming, declares the LORD,when I will raise up t o DavidA a righteous Branch, a King who will reignwisely and do what is just and right in the land. 6In his days Judah will besaved and Israel will live in safety. This is the name by which he will becalled: The LORD Our Righteousness. Jeremiah 23:5-6 *In this text I thinkthat God is talking about healing the people that he once banished from theland, by returning them to retake what was once theirs. Yahweh Yireh *Yahwehwill provide *God said that he would provide for all of our needs. This meansif we are sick we will be healed, but what really needs to be understood is thathealing does not always mean that life is the answer. Sometimes our needs andour wants get completely mixed up. El Olam *God the everlasting One*God of Eternity *God was here in the beginning and he will be here in theend. God has healed throughout time and will continue to heal as long as we seekhis name. El Roi *God who sees me *El Roi is with me at all times and ismy protector. *God sees every move that we ma ke and do not make. He sees when weare sad and when we are happy. He also sees when we are sick and when we arehealthy. Most importantly he knows when to heal us, comfort us, give us space,listen to us, and so other things because he is continually looking over us. ElShaddai *God the Mountain *God the Rock *God the Provider *ElShaddai provides for all my needs, He shields from danger, and has given meshelter. *When I get stress and weighed down with the stress of life I like togo up to the mountain and try to clear my mind. I do not think that healing hasto always be physical, I think God can heal in many different ways whether it bephysical, mental, social, or spiritual. Elohin *name similar to Yahweh used over40 times in Job as a way to refer to God, without using His name Yahweh orAdonay Tremble, O earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of theGod of Jacob, Psalms 114:7 Knowing God! To have a complete understanding ofGod the Father, it is beneficial to Understand who God the Son is. These areverses are where Jesus describes who He is and why His Father sent Him here. Allof these references come from the Gospel book of John: *6:35 35Then Jesusdeclared, I am the bread of life. He who comes to me will never go hungry,and he who believes in me will never be thirsty Here Jesus tells us if wefollow him with all of our hearts, we will need nothing more, he will provideall that we need. The problem here is that some people do not understand thatwith believing you need to live the life of a believer. Praying daily that Godwill continue to work in your life and the lives of others. Reading the Word ofGod which will help you understand who he is and will help you to make some ofthe right choices in life. Attending church regularly and surrounding yourselfwith people that will help you grow in the Lord is very important because weneed interaction with others. Other Christians who can lift us up in times ofneed and can support us when we need them to. Now t he Bible does not say thatyou need to do any of these things, but I think that they will all help greatly. .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb , .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .postImageUrl , .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb , .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:hover , .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:visited , .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:active { border:0!important; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:active , .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cb1a53ff152e360f4838ac0a81d4ceb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Presidential Powers1 Essay Just like in a sport you need to practice to get better, to become closer to Godyou need to do things that will help you grow closer to him. *8:12 12WhenJesus spoke again to the people, he said, I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light oflife. This passage lets us know that Jesus will help us through thehard times, and He will direct us in the paths that we should walk in. WhenJesus is going through the wilderness Satan tempted him three times because hewas weak and at a venerable stage. Jesus did not give in these temptations, butwe continually do fall into these types of temptations. This is where Jesus ishere to guide us and give us strength. *9:5 5While I am in the world, I amthe light of the world. As long as Jesus is, still in the world thereis still hope for the world. The word hope here is referring to something thatwe are looking forward to. I believe that when Jesus returns for the second timeto bring his people home the place that we call home will be Hell on Earthas the saying says. If God were to remove his presence from the earth not one ofus would want to go on living. The anarchy and complete destruction that wouldbe going on would devastate any person who has an ounce of morals. *10:7-97Therefore Jesus said again, I tell you the truth, I am the gate forthe sheep. 8All who ever came before me were thieves and robbers, but the sheepdid not listen to them. 9I am the gate; whoever enters through me will besaved.A He will come in and go out, and find pasture. Jesus is telling ushere that He is here for anyone, and all we have to do is come to him. God hasgiven every person a choice to have eternal life or eternal death. To haveeternal life we must come to the Son of God, Jesus who waiting for us to do so. However, we must make that choice, it is no ones responsibility except our own. *10:11,14 11I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down hislife for the sheep. 14I am the good shepherd; I know my sheep and mysheep know me Jesus lay down his life for us like that of a true shepherd. Jesus knows each on of us that have come in to the kingdom of God, just like weshould know him. Although, Jesus allows us to wonder so that we might learn hasstill given his life for us. He has given us the choice and he will not force usto do anything, all that we do we do because we chose to do it. It is so amazingthat God would send his son to save us from the sins of the world, and thenallow his son to give his life for everyone on the earth. *11:25 25Jesus saidto her, I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me willlive, even though he dies; Jesus died and rose again and as long as webelieve this, we can be accepted into the kingdom of God. The word resurrectionmeans to rise from the dead and that is just what he did. *14:6 6Jesusanswered, I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to theFather except through me. Jesus informs us here that the only way we can getto God in heaven is through Him (Jesus). Heaven is where al that believe in Godwill end up while in commune with him. Coming into the Kingdom is a free choice,but we have to submit ourselves to Him before we can come in. To come into theKingdom of God is to surrender all that we have and all that we are, so thatnothing comes between our relationship with God. It is hard to put God first ifyou have not surrendered all unto Him. *15:1,5 151I am the true vine,and my Father is the gardener. 5I am the vine; you are the branches. Ifa man remains in me and I in him, he will bear much fruit; apart from me you cando nothing. Jesus is our main source of life, with him we can do all things,apart from him we can do absolutely nothing. Apart from Jesus, we are damned tohell and I personally can not think of anything worse than that. Yes, we canstill function in life but ultimately we will end up in the pit of the abyss(Hell). God is all that can be imagined and then some more. However, onlysomeone as selfless (unselfish) as God who sent His Son Jesus Christ to thisearth to save the w orld from eternal death while continually beginningpersecuted. The things that Jesus had to put up with for the good that he wasdoing is just unspeakable. Whipped, beaten, spat upon, made fun of, and probablythe worst was being betrayed by one of his own disciples. This is just some ofthe persecution that Jesus had to suffer. Jesus is personal and provides foreveryone differently from the next person. Who do you say He is.

The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers Essay Example

The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers Paper The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers Treasury Bond Scandal- 1991 Executive Summary Salomon Brothers was at one time, the largest bulge bracket firm on Wall Street. Although it offered a number of financial services, it had established its name through the legacy of bond trading. Its bond trading department boasted of iconic traders of 1980’s era- John Meriwether and Myron Sholes. Salomon Brothers can be considered as the founder father of mortgaged back securities trading on the Wall Street, an area in which it was a near monopolist for a long time with not much competition from other firms. In 1981, Salomon Brothers which operated as partnership was taken over by Phibro Corporation and became known as Phibro-Salomon. With a lot of ups and downs in its fortune during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, finally in 1997, it merged with Citigroup and became their Investment Banking arm called Salomon Smith Barney. Finally the existence of the name of â€Å"Salomon† ceased when Citigroup decided to drop the name in 2003 and branded its investment bank and underwriters as Citigroup Global Markets. We chose to work on the topic â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers† as this topic offers an insight into the development of a particular securities market- the Mortgaged backed securities, the dominance of the market player, the culture of the firm and finally the scandal which served as the turning point of fortunes of ‘once the market leader’ or metaphorically- the final nail in the coffin. Background Salomon Brothers was founded in New York City in 1910 when three brothers-Arthur, Herbert, and Percy Salomon broke away from their father Ferdinands money-brokerage operation and went into business for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The company was primarily a bond trading firm. The private company entered equities in the mid-1960s and between 1962 and 1964, Salomon more than tripled its underwriting business, from $276 million to $873 million. They entered investment banking in the early 1970s and established themselves with Pepsi-ICI merger among others. Since till 1981, the firm operated as a partnership, it had a close-knit culture and partners put the firm’s interest before their own. There were no issues over compensation or credit for work and slowly but surely Salomon was climbing the ladder of being a bulge bracket firm of Wall Street. As Salomon partner Abraham Eller once explained, â€Å". . . what helped make Salomon Brothers was not only the partners, but that the men they hired were hungry. †¦ We weren’t the sons of rich men. † However, in 1981, it was taken over by the Phibro Corporation and became a corporation with the name Phibro-Salomon Inc. until 1986, when Salomon gained control and changed the name of the parent company to Salomon Inc. In 1980’s under the leadership of John Gutfreund, Salomon participated in the leveraged-buyout boom of the 1980s and did deals like Xeroxs acquisition of Crum Foster and was also the adviser by ATT. In 1985, the firm’s peak year, Salomon brought in $760 million in pre-tax profits. In 1987, the company’s capital reached $3. 4 billion. Legislations which fuelled growth The following changes in legislation led to a conducive environment for bond trading and the development of the mortgage backed securities market which in turn impacted the fortunes of Salomon Brothers: * In 1979, the Federal Reserve announced that that the money supply would cease to fluctuate with the business cycle. Bond prices moved inversely with interest rates. Bonds became the means of â€Å"creating wealth rather than merely storing it. † The industry’s revenues rose from $16 billion in 1980 to $51. 8 billion in 1988. * In 1981, Congress passed a tax break which allowed thrifts to sell all their mortgage loans in order to put their money to work for higher returns. Subsequently, the volume of outstanding mortgage loans increased from $700 billion in 1976 to $1. 2 trillion in 1981, and the mortgage market surpassed the combined U. S. stock markets as the largest capital market in the world. The SEC’s Rule 415, enacted in 1982, where corporations were allowed to register in advance all the securities they intended to issue over the next two-year span (â€Å"shelf registrations†) and Salomon Brothers was the industry’s leader. * The protection of the Glass-Steagall Act, which stopped commercial banks to underwrite and distribute most securities ended and the competition intensified. Overall, the beginning o f the 1980’s decade led to an explosive growth in the bond markets and Salomon was ready to jump on the opportunity as it was one of the few Wall Street firms to have a proper mortgage trading department. Culture of the firm In order to understand the culture of the firm, we read the book Liar’s Poker written by Michael Lewis who was a bond salesman in Salomon Brothers and gives an inside account of the culture prevalent in the firm. Bond Traders and Salesmen: The two major classes of people at Salomon were the bond traders and salesmen. More than any other firm on the Wall Street, Salomon was run by bond traders who kept an eye on the market and made most of arbitrage opportunities while the salesmen gave information to the traders about the sentiments in market. The CEO of the company John Gutfreund also started off as a trader and spent his time at a large desk over seeing one end of Salomon’s bond trading room. The trading floor—the 41st floor, which was known as â€Å"Power Central†Ã¢â‚¬â€was actually the power centre of the firm. He promoted an environment of risk-taking and agility and the Salomon Trading floor had minimal supervision, minimal controls and no position limits. That is, a trader could buy or sell as many bonds as he thought appropriate without asking. With an increase in business, the firm recruited widely. The firm, which had employed 2,000 people in 1982, tripled to 6,000 people by 1987. † Due to excessive focus on generating revenues, one insider put it as, â€Å"competing fiefdoms replaced interconnected businesses. † and â€Å"Making money was mostly what mattered. † Also, the mortgage department which made the maximum money had a culture of its own promoted by Ranieri (head of the department) which alienated it even more. According to Ranieri, â€Å"The reason everything was separate was because no one in the firm would help us. They wanted us to fail. † The Scandal This scandal was unique in itself as it shook the foundation of the sacrosanct $2. trillion government securities market which was considered too big to rig. The conventional wisdom was shaken to a great extent and regulations tightened for all the 40 primary designated dealers of T-bills and government bonds. Orchestration of the fraud: Paul Mozer, Managing Director of Salomon Inc. ’s government securities trading desk, submitted three separate bids for the U. S. Treasury’s $9 billion 5-year treasury note auction on Feb. 21,1991. Each of the bids was for $3. 15 billion, or 35% of the total bond offering, the maximum bid the Treasury would recognize from any individual buyer. Since two of the bids were submitted under the names of outside firms who were Salomon customers, Warburg and Quantum, the Treasury accepted all three bids. The Treasury was unaware that only Mozer’s bid in Salomon’s name was legal. The other two were unauthorized customer bids placed by Mozer trying to get Salomon a larger share of the auction. However, what Mozer did not know was that Warburg had taken part in the auction with a $100mn bid and with combined bid of more than 35% in name of Warburg; Treasury started an investigation which uncovered the plot of Mozer. This scandal led to the firing of Mozer, resignation of the top brass including Gutfreund and a loss of reputation of Salomon Brothers which they never recovered. Aftermath: This scandal shook the confidence of participants in the government securities market and led to investigations by Federal Reserve Bank, the Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Treasury Department re-examined the records of every auction since 1986, a total of more than 200, searching for evidence of collusion with customers to violate the 35% rule. Salomon was fined $290 million as damages but it escaped criminal charges. The Treasury however, banned Salomon from bidding in Government Securities market. After the resignation of John Gutfreund, majority stakeholder Warren Buffet was made the chairman to revamp the organisation. He also convinced the Treasury to lift the ban as it would lead to Salomon towards bankruptcy. The firm became a victim of its own culture and finally the name of Salomon ceased to exist on the Wall Street which it had once dominated. Joining the dots Having done a course on Ethics, analysed case studies of Enron, WorldCom etc, made us realise that the frauds/scandals do not germinate over night; rather they are fruits of greed which is perpetrated by the Top management either directly or indirectly. As mentioned earlier, the culture of Salomon Brothers was such that traders were given a free hand as long as they generated revenues and were never questioned. This led to the audacity of Mozer wherein he submitted false bids not just the time when he was caught but in other auctions as well and had landed in trouble with the Treasury before. Had a proper system of reporting and accountability existed, the previous instances would have been known to top management and the entire scandal could have been averted which tarnished the reputation of the firm. At the same time, we believe, Treasury department should have been more vigilant as market participants i. e the 40 primary dealers could always collude and try to take the maximum out of the pie of the auction. Having a system which was transparent such that the bids could have been monitored by all the participants would have lead to detection of anomaly of bids in much short period of time without any extensive examination. The main learning that we can derive out of this study is twofold- * Promotion of Ethics and fair dealing as a part of corporate culture of the organisation following a top-down approach such that lower level employees get motivated from the conduct of senior levels * No matter who the participant is and the financial market in question, the regulator has to be vigilant at all times and have a stringent set of rules and regulations as well as penalties in place which deters market participants from erring. References: http://www. fundinguniverse. com/company-histories/Salomon-Inc-Company-History. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Salomon_Brothers#Long_Term_Capital_Management http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973726-2,00. html http://www. answers. com/topic/salomon-brothers Robert Sobel, Salomon Brothers 1910-85: Advancing to Leadership Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker Salomon Brothers: â€Å"Apologies are Bullshit†- pdf