Bull Riding injury Risks

Bull Riding injury Risks Hardest Sport on Dirt Bull riding is an outrageous game with genuine dangerous dangers yet have little limitation in the wellbeing hardware that is expected to ensure these competitors. Hockey, football, and even baseball all have been ordered to wear wellbeing cap to shield them from injury. For more up to date outrageous games, such as snowboarding and skateboarding, the utilization of a head protector is once in a while discussed any longer. Each break of the chute, bull riders face peril as genuine as the horns, feet and hard heads of bulls that can gauge a ton or more.(usatoday) Professional bull riders should meet a similar security gear prerequisites as some other physical game. Attempting to clutch the rope and not be hurled like a cloth doll on a back of a bull for eight seconds is more risky than playing hockey or football, in which these games require head protectors. With regards to caps, this little bit of froth and plastic can spare a bull riders life. Simply preparing for this game can be deplorable The idea of this game is merciless and isn't one-sided. Any rider can be harmed. Despite the fact that caps are genuinely new and possibly awkward head and spinal wounds can be forestalled with their utilization. No competitor in any game can stand rehashed blackouts. In bull riding there are three significant occasions when head wounds can happen. A bull rider can be yanked hurled forward and pummel his head on a bulls horns. In the event that the rider arrives at eight second getting off can be unsafe. They could get their hand tied up in the rope that is around the bull and be stepped while attempting to get the rider free. A rider can be brutally tossed noticeable all around and dropped to the hard soil. It is erratic how their head is going to land and assimilate the stun of the impact.â It is presence of mind that we think carefully for ded uction and everyday body capacities, without it we would simply be in a vegetative state Since we do all our intuition with our cerebrums and our minds are housed in our minds, we ought to do all that we can to secure this significant resource. Wearing a protective cap should become required soon. It just bodes well to secure something as sensitive and helpless as ones head. Rodeo, a game where the cowhand cap is as much a symbol as a kicking horse, has been hesitant to require its riders to wear helmets.(Brown) Lee Akin encountered the outcomes clench hand of not wearing a head protector. At the point when a bull weighing almost a ton stepped on Lee Akins head one year back at an Alabama rodeo, specialists didnt think the four-time PBR finalist would live. (Godfrey)Â Another proficient bull rider, Jerome Davis, met his destiny in the fall of 1997. He collided with the bull. Davis was snapped back and hit his head against the creature. Heâ was thumped oblivious and tumbled to the ground head first. The effect caused aâ fracture/separation of the seventh vertebrae at the base of his neck. The 6th vertebraeâ exploded and broke. He was deadened starting from the neck.( Hollen) With regards to wounds An investigation of about 2,000 expert rodeo occasions somewhere in the range of 1981 and 2005 found that halfâ of all wounds happened during bull riding. Knee and shoulder wounds are most common,â according to Downey, however most disturbing are the head wounds. Blackouts account forâ nearly 9 percent of all bull riding wounds, he notes.( Rueters) Bull riders can't miss an occasion regardless of whether their wounds are minor yet need time to recuperate. At the point when a bull rider gets harmed and can't contend, he tumbles down in his rankings, taking a chance with his title and salary. So realizing that, they keep on contending with blackouts and other broken or disengaged body parts. With respect to the ranchers who do wear a head protector life span is by all accounts a typical subject ( Geupel) We realize the cattle rustler cap holds extraordinary customs of bull riders. Presumably this image is extremely important to each one of the individuals who carry on with this life. Before the occasion ride, after the ride and at all different occasions, is the point at which the cowpoke cap can be worn. Lets not lose our heads and start our kids on the correct foot with utilizing a protective cap from the very first moment.

CUBA THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME THAT STILL GOES ON essays

CUBA THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME THAT STILL GOES ON papers CUBA THE TOTALITARIAN REGIME THAT STILL GOES ON At the point when Columbus came to Cuba in 1492, he and his antecedents would most likely never have envisioned of this islands result inside the hundreds of years ahead. from overcoming the nation, to its freedom, to the authoritarian system put into, everything these significant occasions have made the island what it is today. Prior to giving the entire tale about the Communists, one must see how the nation was conceived so heres a smidgen of a foundation history: Spain had vanquished Cuba in 1511 under Diego Velasquez. Visit uprisings neglected to end Spains unforgiving guideline. From 1868 to 1878 happened the Armed defiance known as the Ten Years War, drove by manor proprietor Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, a co-creator of Cubas assertion of freedom. After the loss of in excess of 200,000 lives, the revolt finished in disappointment. In 1933, Fulgencio Batista drove a sergeants revolt that toppled the dictatorial standard of Gen. Grarado Machado and it was around then that Batista t urned into the most influential man in Cuba. He was chosen president in 1940 and made himself head of state with authoritarian forces. Long stretches of degenerate government, psychological oppression and theft made by the United States prompted a revolt in 1958 under the initiative of Fidel Castro. Batista fled to the Dominican Republic and the Fidelistas were in charge of Havana. Castro at that point got head at the youthful age of 32. From the start individuals hailed the ruin of Batista and trusted that Castro could bring the nation the flourishing it had wanted. Sadly, in a little while, individuals came to acknowledgment that the new system had grasped Communism. At home, Castros system has made the most severe police state device in the Western Hemisphere. Cuba resembles the George Orwell bad dream anticipated in the book 1984 aside from that this time the nation is set in the tropics with Big Brother wearing a whiskers and ... <!

What Goes Into Designing A Book An Interview With Designer Laura Palese

What Goes Into Designing A Book An Interview With Designer Laura Palese Ive always been into thinking about and analyzing book covers. Since theyre such a powerful tool in promoting and marketing a book, they serve a purpose thats even bigger than trying to express what the book is about. Covers convey tone and mood, as well as attempt to persuade a reader to pick the book up, either because its a book meant for them or its a book they might like because they enjoy (fill in the blank comparable titles or authors). One thing Ive not put as much time and thinking into, though, is the design of the book itself. A few years ago, in one of my initial phone conversations with my soon-to-be editors at Algonquin Young Readers, we discussed making my book  Here We Are: Feminism For The Real World  scrapbook style. I knew logically what that meant, and I also kind of knew it meant looking and feeling a little bit like  Rookies yearbooks. From my end, it didnt mean much in terms of design; rather, it meant opening up to including work in the book outside of traditional essays. I could collect art and comics, play lists and top ten lists, and other ephemera that would add to the fun factor of the book. It would be a designer who did the actual layout and creation of how the book would look. Ive never been one to set up expectations when it comes to publishing. Not because Im cynical about it, but rather, because I know that its a business so I need to temper my hopes with the reality of publishing being a business and there being a bottom line to consider. In other words, my goal is to turn in the best work possible and hope that at the end of the day, it makes money so that I can keep doing it. But to say I didnt at least think a little bit about what  Here We Are  might look like would be a lie. I did. I was curious what kind of design would be used for the book, if it would have a motif running through it, what color scheme might be used (Id known from the start it would be two-tone, but I hadnt known  which  two tones). When I was presented the proof pages of the design for the book, though, I was blown away. It was better than anything I could imagine, and the tone it set upbeat, approachable, fun really worked well with the content, making even the essays with a lot of rawness to them feel like they could be read and understood and appreciated without becoming overwhelming. My book looks like the kind of book teens would pass from one to the other, where theyd be encouraged to contribute for themselves which was something Id hoped for but got nixed through the process of putting everything together. Laura Palese  is the designer behind  Here We Are: Feminism For The Real World, as well as numerous other books, including a large assortment of cookbooks. I sat down with her to talk a bit about what goes into the process of choosing how to design a book and the sorts of iterations that might happen. Be warned: you may never look at books the same way againbut thats a good thing. Kelly Jensen: Book Riot readers have certainly thought about the power of book covers, but we’ve talked less about what goes on between the covers design-wise. The first thing worth asking is also the most obvious: can you talk a bit about your background and how you got into designing books? Laura Palese:  Sure. It was actually completely by accident! My first job out of college (well, after a brief stint as a cake decorator) was as an Art Production Assistant at Clarkson Potter, and illustrated book imprint of Random House. At the time, digital photography was just starting to be used in publishing, so most books were printed using slides and negatives. It was my job to log-in the original artwork that was delivered from photographers, and to make sure every image was returned to them after the book was published. I was an art history major in college and had never taken a graphic design course I knew absolutely nothing about it. But during my time at Random House I worked very closely with the designers on staff and became curious about what they did. I was lucky enough to work with an incredible group of women, all of whom very generously served as my teachers and mentors. I learned design on the job and supplemented with some continuing education classes at art schools in New York City. Over time I worked my way up from an art assistant to a staff designer.   KJ: What is your process when it comes to design? Do you read the book before diving in? Do you read a part of it and get an idea of what you’d like to do? LP: I tend to work on a number of projects simultaneously, so unfortunately I dont usually have time to read the entire book. But I definitely familiarize myself with the material by reading parts of the book, and Ill often do a bit of research on the author. I usually spend a good amount of time looking at typographic examples pertinent to the book. The majority of what I design are cookbooks. So for example, if Im working on a book from the cuisine of a specific country, Ill research current and past typographic trends from that country. Street signage, works of local artists and designers, etc. Pinterest is such an incredible visual resource during this process. KJ: How much creative freedom do you typically have when it comes to your work? LP:  Im lucky enough to collaborate with an amazing group or art directors and editors. Before the start of a project, well have a discussion about how we think the book should look, who its for, the likes/dislikes of the author, competing titles in the marketplace, etc. Making a book is an incredibly collaborative process, and there are many opinions that go into shaping how a book looks.  So while theres definitely room for creative freedom on my part, I feel very strongly that the main job of a designer  is to take all of the incredibly hard work the author has done, and to try and make it shine.   KJ: What inspires your design work and your personal aesthetic? LP:  Oh, thats a tough one! Im so lucky to live in a city where Im constantly surrounded by beautiful things. Ill very often see something while Im out and about  incredible typography on a poster, a piece of fabric in a store, amazing restaurant signage) and snap a photo of it. So I guess Im always mentally cataloging the things I see, for use in a future project. I suppose I tend to gravitate towards design that has the mark of the person creating behind it. I love anything with hand-painted or hand-drawn texture, typography thats been hand-lettered, found type, etc. KJ: You designed HERE WE ARE: FEMINISM FOR THE REAL WORLD. What inspired your design choices? LP:  I was so inspired by all the voices that came together to create the book, and all of the incredibly personal stories in it. The material is so powerful and I wanted to try and emulate that in the design. I wanted the reader to feel like they were holding an object that had the mark of a person behind it. So each page features my own handwriting or collage, or pieces of found paper that I hope create an authentic backdrop for the material. KJ: Do you have any outtakes from HERE WE ARE that you can share? Design ideas that got scrapped early on? LP:  What a great question! I think most designers probably have a graveyard of designs that they wish had made it but never did. In the case of this design, the process was more of an evolution right from the beginning. With the help of the team at Algonquin, we kept adding layers until we were happy with the final design. So there isnt really a design I can share that didnt make it. What we started with doesnt look all that different from how we ended up, just not quite as dynamic. I promise Im not being secretive! The cover design definitely was definitely a bit trickier, as they always are. I do have some cover design ideas that were scrapped early on, and I actual didnt end up designing the final version. So Im hesitant to share early versions since the final design (by Laura Williams) looks fantastic. KJ: What was the most interesting and the most challenging aspect of designing for HERE WE ARE? LP:  The most challenging aspect was creating all of the illustration and collage. I really wanted to make things that felt authentic, but that wouldnt overshadow the amazing writing in the book. As I mentioned earlier, my job is kind of to be invisible. To make sure that I design something thats visually appealing, but most importantly allows the content of the book to take center stage. KJ: Cookbooks have been a big part of your portfolio of work. Can you talk a bit about how you begin to design a cookbook? How much do you as designer make choices on not jusy layout, but images, color palates, and so forth? LP:  Making cookbooks is SO fun! I love food, I love to eat and I love to cook, so the process is always incredibly enjoyable for me. The process is actually not very different from what I described above. Before each project, I spend time discussing the book with the editor/art director. We talk about what we think the design direction should be, and then the process remains collaborative until we land on a final design. Ive been so lucky to work with incredibly talented chefs, food writers, bloggers, etc, all of whom have different personalities, points-of-view, cooking styles, etc and its my job to make sure thats expressed on the page. From a technical perspective, the recipes need to be functional and easy to cook from. KJ: What have been some of your favorite cookbooks to work on and why? LP:  Oh, Ive worked on so many amazing projects! I just finished a book called Scraps, Wilt Weeds, which is all about from the leftover scraps of ingredients that wed normally throw away. The photography is so beautiful, and personally I think its so important to be mindful of food waste in my own kitchen. Chrissy Teigens book Cravings was so fun. She is hilarious I love her voice. And her recipes are amazing! A few years ago I worked on a cookbook called Senegal, and I absolutely loved the entire process. I didnt know anything about Senegalse cuisine or culture, and I learned so much working on the book. The author is so inspiring, and Evan Sungs photographs are incredible.   KJ: And what’s the best recipe you’ve tried from one of those cookbooks? LP:  Chrissy Teigens Thai lettuce wraps are awesome, and Ive been dying to try Chicken Pot Pie Soup with Crust Crackers. KJ: Is there a favorite part of your work in designing books? In other words, does one aspect excite you the most? LP: FONTS! Its true. I love fonts. At the beginning of every project I spend hours choosing a suite of fonts that will work best for the project. Very often that means getting to buy new ones, which I also love.     KJ: What are some of your favorite books design-wise out over the last couple of years? What makes them stand out to you? LP: Oh god, there are SO many talented designers out there. I spent a lot of time in book stores looking at new books and their designs. I love any book that Deb Wood designs. She is amazing Im such a fan of her work. A cookbook came out last year called Love Lemons. I think the design is beautiful I wish Id done it!

When Does Fair Use Become Theft and Viceversa - 680 Words

Who really owns ideas, and how long should they hold them? When does Fair Use become Theft and vice versa? Those are the question raised in Brett Gaylors documentary RiP: A Remix Manifesto, raises alarms for those who think copyright holders have become too aggressive about protecting their intellectual property. The documentary highlights the popular music artist known as Girl Talk. Girl Talk consists of one man named Gregg Gillis and he takes parts from different songs (usually popular ones) and creates new music of his own. He doesnt use any of his own materials at all. A lot of people consider his work stealing and what is known as Copyright infringement; even though he changes the music so much, you can’t even tell what all of the songs he uses are. Girl Talk is known as a mash-up artist, and according to the documentary, mash-up artists have stirred up quite a controversy with both the Copyright Company and the other artists they take their material from. Copyright problems arose with the advent of the free availability of information on the Internet. It was easy for people to steal music, movies and images from the internet and use them to create their own mash-up piece. Prior to the internet copyrighting actually encouraged creativity. Once music sharing websites like Napster began, musicians and other artists began suing and copyright laws became more rigouous in their scope and enforcement. As sample-pop star Girl Talk (AKA former biomedical engineerShow MoreRelatedHrm Lecture Notes for Pu, Mba 2nd Semester9501 Words   |  39 Pagesorganizations, work locations etc. d) Compensation data- current salary, salary history, bonus, overtime payments, deduction from salary, tax information,award received etc. e) Performance data- current past performance appraisal data Uses of HRIS †¢ Human resource inventory development †¢ Human resource forecast †¢ Human resource development †¢ Job analysis †¢ To make succession and replacement planning †¢ To determine current probable productivity of

Wind Power Giving Back to the Environment Essay - 1198 Words

The western plains of North Dakota have recently experienced a boom of a great magnitude. The oil industry has found great success from fracking in the region. This Fracking is producing considerable amounts of oil and natural gas. Although the region has seen great wealth from these fossil fuels we need to remember that they are pumping great amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere which is essentially destroying our environment. Taking care of our environment has come to the forefront of the power industry lately. Many power companies are looking for alternative forms of energy that don’t harm our environment. In addition, great controversy has been generated about fracking and its effects on the environment. With the negative†¦show more content†¦Not only will this be an opportunity for investment but it has the potential to bring the region closer together as a community, as demonstrated in â€Å"The Island in the Wind† article, since it will give the reg ion an opportunity â€Å"to work together on something they can all be proud of† (Behrens Rosen, 2013). To make this project successful this company needs to get the residents of this region involved as was done in Samso, Denmark. Many of the residents of this region lost out on the opportunities from the Oil and Natural gas boom. This is their chance to take advantage of the next big boom, â€Å"The Wind Boom†. Residents will be afforded the chance to sell or lease their land for these wind mills. The mostly barren landscape around here is used for farming and ranching. By leasing the land a farmer/rancher will be able to still farm/ranch while reaping the monitory benefits from the lease. This is an opportunity for dual use of land which shows this company and the residents of the region are making most of their opportunities. In addition, Elizabeth Kolberts article â€Å"The Island in The wind† shows that â€Å"a turbine should-barring mishap-repay a shareholders initial investment in about eight years† (Behrens Rosen, 2013). This project has the potent ial to produce enough energy to sustain our regions power needs while creating extra energy to sell back to the grid, which makes theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment And Heath Of Human And Animals Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has taken a significant toll on the environment and heath of human and animals. The use of non-renewable fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, crude oil, tar sands and oil shales are finite resources on the planet and will one day run out because they are regularly used. Subsequent pressure and heating while being buried consisting of organic matter and dead plant over millions of years are what created these fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels form greenhouse gases from carbon dioxideRead MoreGreen Architecture Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesreduce the impact on our environment by using natural resources like energy, water, and the materials that are used in the structure recycled materials or the fixtures us ed in the home with energy saving features, as well as making a healthier environment. With high-efficiency windows and high value insulation in the walls and floors you’re your energy would take less too cool or heat up that area. Written by BOB BOB BOB May 2010 â€Å"The history of a green building goes back further than the 70’sRead MoreWhat Makes Any Form Of Electrical Generation Efficient? Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagessolution to electricity needs and shortages - but can wind power play a real role in replacing those fossil-fuel based power plants? The solution this paper will suggest is an educated effort at the best and most practical (and efficient) uses for wind power. As mentioned above, there are a couple of factors that will help to provide some context for the discussion of wind power – we will start with a cost per megawatt (MW) comparison of wind power to some other common energy production methods. Read MoreRenewable and Nonrewable Energy Resources Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many types and in many forms; one form is crude oil, which comes straight out of the ground. It can be used in many different ways, like: v In power stations- oil is burnt for the heat energy it can provide. v In engines- that convert heat energy to chemical energy. v Jet engines- burn fuel oil for power. v Fuel oil v Petrol v Diesel v Kerosene The ways of finding oil is by digging dug wells. Oil can be found anywhere but because theyRead MoreWind Power and Wildlife Issues in Kansas1529 Words   |  7 PagesRemember in Wizard of Oz how Dorothy was swept away by a tornado, and how tornados are massive wind storms. Well, it is no wonder they took the setting in Kansas. â€Å"Kansas has been ranked third in the nation for its potential wind resources† (Wind Power and Wildlife Issues in Kansas). Wind turbines have been placed all around Kansas, gathering wind to produce energy. Truth is it’s causing problems for animals and farmers. A great deal of biodiversity is being taken place throughout the wildlife. UnhappyRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagescountry no one has heard of. This is happening right in our own back yards. This problem has a very simple solution: conserve energy, cut down on Carbon Dioxide emissions, and focus on developing technology that utilizes clean renewable energies. Global warming primarily happens through a process called the greenhouse effect. â€Å"Like global warming, this is a natural phenomenon. As sunlight hits the earth, some of the heat is reflected back into space, while some is absorbed by naturally occurring atmosphericRead MoreThe Implementation Of Green Energy Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageswhich are becoming scarcer to find. These are a few types of green energy; solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, ocean energy and hydrogen fuel cells. The types of nonrenewable energy that our economy uses are coal and oil. 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To help reduce these consequences we need to find alternative cleaner resources to use. Section 1: How climate works Climate change has many factors; albedo is one of many. Albedo is where the snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as the Earth’s temperature continues to rise the snow and ice are beginning to melt causing the ground and water to absorb the sunlight heating things up. With the carbon dioxide levels rising throughout the years the ocean absorbedRead MoreThe Physics Of Solar Energy998 Words   |  4 PagesSolar energy dates back to 1839 with a French physicist by the name of Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. His experiment of ‘illuminating two electrodes with different types of light† marked the birth of solar energy. Years later, William Grylls Adams, along with student assistant Richard Evans Day, discovered that converting solar energy into electrical energy is possible without the need of heat nor moving parts. 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Vulnerability Assessment Free Essays

The first thing that must be done to protect a home is to conduct a risk assessment to figure out the potential for threat in the designated neighborhood, vulnerability, and the possibility of consequences of risk occurrence. Three tools that are normally addressed when planning security for any home are: 1. What home security and safety risks are the most typical of the neighborhood for which the assessment is working and what would families be more exposed to? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Vulnerability Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now How exposed are the neighborhood residents? Have they taken the necessary precautions to prevent a disaster and to deter all threats? 3. How much could be lost if these precautions have been ignored? To answer the first question it is important to discover the types of crimes that have been committed in the neighborhood most recently. By asking fellow neighbors and local police crime prevention officers, statistics on most common crimes and how that particular neighborhood stacks up to others in the rest of the county can be found. Once a list of possible threats has been established, checking the home for vulnerabilities that would leave it susceptible to a crime or an accident would be the next step in the process. After identifying the vulnerability to these potential threats, a vulnerability assessment on a residence may be conducted. A vulnerability assessment of a home as well as a list of countermeasures and their costs’ is what is required next. Focus on the different directions that potential threats may use and the avenues of approach that they will likely take to threaten property or the area surrounding property. There is a neighborhood watch program that is counted on to support additional observation and early warning. The signal for such a warning is slamming metal object to metal object in a series of three to alert the neighbors as a code to indicate direction and threat. You can better observe your surroundings from your roof or second story. Establishing an observation post/listening post (LP/OP) can be an effective way to gain a superior advantage gaining an elevated advantage in addition to limited access for potential attackers. If your LP/OP has a covered and concealed approach and withdrawal route back to your house, then this would be an ideal location looking out for one another. You probably do not want to open your home to too many family or friends in case of disaster or attack because of the supply of food, ammunition, clean water, and toiletries. There are not many avenues of approach that threats can use in order for them to see straight into the neighborhood or directly to the house so the focus of mitigating this risk is centered around the front and back yards. Place your landscaping like boulders, rock, gravel, trees, and vegetation as well as blinds or curtains can limit the amount of visibility that a threat has to see into your home. Loose gravel placed under the windows, broken windows, and doors will make noise and could possibly spook anyone from attempting a break in. There are not any covered or concealed routes for attackers on foot to approach your house undetected from, so if they did not use a frontal assault they would have to jump the fence in the backyard to try to gain entry through the back door. The visibility from all windows downstairs is limited due to the landscape, but the upstairs has one hundred percent visibility 360 degrees around the entire house. Many dead zones (areas that you cannot see) due to the house being in a sub-division, but no brush will have to be cut down. Windows are easily broken, so keep yourself prepared for Hurricanes, tornadoes, other bad storms with ? to ? inch plywood cut for all windows with mounting hardware. The lighting that you have surrounding your house can have many uses. Illuminating the areas of approach to your house can force intruders to look for a softer target, and it can also give you and your neighbors a better opportunity to give a more detailed description to police when they flee. Mounting your lights with easily re-moveable hardware like wing nuts will assist you if you ever have to relocate them to a more vulnerable part of your residence. Ballistic breaching is the act of using a shotgun to remove the deadbolts from doors, making it possible for attackers to breach the security of your home. Think about installing manmade levers that can latch from the bottom of the door to the floor and the top of the door to the ceiling. This creates a major problem for any intruder because it forces them to stay in the fatal funnel for a longer period before entering your home. The fatal funnel is the area most dangerous for anyone trying to breach a room because it is the smallest area of any room. This creates a better opportunity for the homeowner to defend him or herself by being able to fire a weapons system into a smaller area, reducing the risk of missing the target. The ability to defend your home with small arms does not come cheap. Probably the most expensive cost of any home security tool used is the money you will spend, not only on the fire arm itself, but also the ammunition as well. However, being able to shoot from your home is not as near important as it is for your home to withstand small arms fire. Most homes provide terrible cover (protection) from small arms fire. Aside from sand bagging or laying sheet steel on the walls around your windows, any containers that hold dirt would also do. Wargaming† is a term often used by the U. S. Army before every mission they conduct overseas. The best vulnerability assessment would come from you â€Å"wargaming† various situations based on the environment you live in, then develop countermeasures to mitigate the threats and weaknesses you have determined. Again, call it â€Å"wargaming† or whatever you will, but it is an effective way to look at contingencies and resources nee ded to implement better plans and countermeasures. How to cite Vulnerability Assessment, Papers

Similarities Between Tsar Nicholas II and Joseph Stalin free essay sample

A comparison of two opposite types of governments and how they enforced strangely similar tactics while ruling the country and the results that followed with each ruler. This paper examines the similarities between the tsarist system under Tsar Nicholas II and the policies of Joseph Stalin in the communist Soviet Union. The author examines the mishandling of the military, use of secret police, and exploitation of the peasant community. The author also compares the results of their similar policies. The political ideals of communist Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin could not be farther from those of Russia under Tsar Nicholas II. Yet, when analyzing the actions of each leader, the policies of each government and conditions of the country are strangely similar. Both leaders are known for their incompetent rule of unprepared militaries in the World Wars, their cruel treatment and exploitation of the peasant community, and use of force to instill fear and obedience throughout the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities Between Tsar Nicholas II and Joseph Stalin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is intriguing how the Soviet communist regime could mirror the actions of the Russian monarchy, a system perpendicular to the Soviets, which they had overthrown.

Free Your Inner Thinker Essays - Truth, Atheism, Spirituality

Free Your Inner Thinker Free Your Inner Thinker Organized religions are laden with the debris of archaic, superstitious images. Everywhere people go they are submerged in biblical ignorance, religious illiteracy and historical stupidity (Edelen, ?The 10 Commandments?). People are surrounded by cultic codes and images at every turn. This must stop! One organization that is taking a stand is called The Freedom From Religion Foundation. It is most commonly referred to as free thought. A freethinker is a person who forms opinions and beliefs on the basis of reason, independent of tradition, authority, or established belief (Barker). Freethinkers love to learn new ideas and are not satisfied with what is already known. Thus, all members must be free from the conformity of a bible, creed, or messiah. They must be allowed to think for themselves, rather than blindly follow tradition or ?cosmic absolutes.? Freethinkers believe the truth and choose not to follow the lies and superstitions that are, inevitably, part of religion. Common mythological themes are saturated through out the bible, from the creation and flood myth to virgin birth and hero resurrection (Edelen, ?The Sin?). Unlike conventional religions, Freethinkers' beliefs are based on reality and reason. As defined in Nontract #11, ?What is a Freethinker,? ?Reality is limited to that which is directly perceivable though our natural senses or indirectly ascertained through the proper use of reason? (Barker). For an idea or belief to be considered true it must be testable, falsifiable, parsimonious, and logical. Every belief a freethinker has must have evidence or experiments to confirm it; all attempts to disprove it must repeatedly fail, require little to no assumptions, and be free from contradictions and character attacks (Barker). Freethinkers use the thinking part of there brain to understand the universe. Many people who don't understand free thought think that freethinkers lack morals. The morality of a freethinker can be summed up in one word, kindness. Morality is not a bunch of dos and don'ts but, instead, is based on human needs (Barker). Freethinkers try to be good and fair to everyone. They believe that all human beings should live in peace no matter what their race, sex, religion, what they think, who they love, or where they come from. They do their best to protect the earth and all its creatures. Religion promotes dangerous and inadequate ?morality? based on blind obedience, rather than a careful use of reason to weigh the possible outcomes when faced with a moral dilemma (Barker). The most common philoshical question pondered is whether there is a meaning of life. Freethinkers know that the meaning of life must originate in the mind. Since the universe is mindless and the cosmos do not care, if you wish to have a purpose, YOU must care (Barker). Not all freethinkers believe in a meaning of life, as with all beliefs, individuals are free to accept or discard it. Where as many freethinker choose to believe there is no divine plan, most freethinkers find meaning in life. They find meaning in human compassion, social progress, the beauty of humanity, personal happiness, pleasure, joy, love, and the advancement of knowledge (Barker). Unlike convention religions, free thought requires an explanation rather than a designer to explain the complexity of life. One such explanation is Darwin's theory of evolution along with natural selection. Freethinkers do not believe in a divine designer because the complexity of such a creature would be subject to the same scrutiny itself (Barker). Freethinkers also believe that religion is not only useless but also harmful. Historically, religion has always produced violence (Edelen ?Religion?). From Moses to the Crusades, Henry VIII, Salem, Hitler, Kosovo. Edelen writes, ?it is the countries with out religion that are the least violent? (?Religion?). He also stated in the same article that, ?America is the most ?religious' of all industrialized nations, and yet is the most violent nation in the world.? Many of the world's most gruesome leaders believed they were performing god's work. Hitler himself wrote, ?I am completely convinced that I am acting as the agent of god. I am now a Catholic and will always remain so,? in Mein Kampf (qtd in Edelen, ?Religion?). Freethinkers do not believe that all religious people are

Elements of a short story essays

Elements of a short story essays Abortion is a touchy subject, so why would such a great author like Ernest Hemingway himself write a short story over it? In a short story like this it is crucial to use multiple literary strategies and devices to make it a well-written piece. This story, Hills Like White Elephants, is about a girl, Jig, and an American man who are both waiting at a train station while trying different beverages. Although not clearly stated, the two are fighting about abortion. The man wants her to have an abortion while the woman wants to marry and settle down. Hemingway uses several dynamic literary devices to make this a great piece of literature. In this story, the two characters are essentially the main subjects. They are not described in great depth, but much can be interpreted about their characteristics through there dialogue. Jig, the girl wants to keep the baby and go on to live a normal life. After the couple speaks about the decision on whether or not to keep the baby the woman skeptically asks if he thinks they will be all right and happy.(Hemingway 2) Through these words the reader can infer that she desires to have the baby. She also worries about the future and realizes things will not be the same. Jig seems highly aware of the precipice on which she stands. (Henningfeld 2) She wishes that the American will marry her, they will return home, and they will establish a family. This is very true and seen throughout because of the way she does what the man wants in hopes that he will love her and start a family together. The other half of the story is of course the American... (Hemingway1) He is of course the cause of all the conflict in the story. He wants the woman to have an abortion. (May 1174) He also says things like I know you wouldnt mind it Jig, (Hemingway 2) which shows he wants her to go through this ordeal so things can b ...

Questions in Principle of economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions in Principle of economy - Essay Example Economists use the concept of elasticity to define the sensitivity of consumers to the change that happens in prices of goods and services. In general understanding elasticity is a reaction’s measure of one variable on the changing of another variable expressed in percentage. There are several types of elasticity, one of which is the price elasticity of demand. This indicator shows the percentage of demand changing under the influence of price changing also expressed in per cents. In other words, the coefficient of price elasticity defines how many per cents of changing the volume of demand will have if the price changes by 1 per cent. Formula of the mentioned indicator is the following: If calculated rate is bigger than 1 then demand on the product is elastic. This means that if price changes by 1 per cent then demand will change by more than 1 percent. So decrease in price on the product will cause sharp increase of sales that enlarges the level of total revenue. Therefore, in such situation the policy of decreasing the price can be very effective and may bring additional profits afterwards. Hence, for instance, for the telecommunication service providers, the higher the elasticity the better, because cutting prices will affect the growth in demand which in its turn will boost profits (Weingarten and Stuck 2001, pp. 32). If calculated formula of elasticity reaches 1 sharply then there is a unit elasticity, which indicates that 1 per cent change of price causes the same percentage change of demand. In this respect, the fall of price is compensated with the rise of sales and the total revenue remains unchangeable. The products with elastic demand are considered those goods that are easy to substitute. Luxury goods also have coefficient of elasticity that exceeds 1. For example, pieces of art are the products with elastic demand. Articles of prime necessity, such as, for example,

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's Term Paper

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's history - Term Paper Example This paper discusses how volcanic activities have caused climate change, and the resulting impact on earth’s history. How Volcanoes induce climate change Although large scale volcanic eruptions last only a few days, the effect of these eruptions on climate on the Earth can last for several years. At first, scientists believed that the dust emitted from volcanic eruptions blocked the solar radiation from reaching earth thereby leading to cooling of the earth. However, measurements later indicated that most of this ejected dust returns back to earth within six months of the volcanic eruption. The stratospheric data suggests that during large explosive volcanic eruptions, large quantities of greenhouse gases (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas are also expunged into the atmosphere. SO2 reacts with the water vapor in the stratosphere and converts to sulfate aerosols, which are sub-micron droplets containing 75% sulfuric acid. These aerosols form a dense optically bright haze layer. Typically, they stay in the stratosphere for 2-4 years. Now, the large quantities of greenhouse gases released by volcanoes trap the heat radiated off the surface of the earth and form a sort of insulation around the planet. Further, the volcanic aerosol clouds scatter a significant amount of incoming Sun’s radiation back to space. This effect is known as â€Å"radiative forcing† that can last for up to 2-3 years following a volcanic eruption. Due to these two combined effects, the Earth experiences a change in climate pattern (NASA, 2011). Evidence of climate change due to volcanic eruptions Observational evidence has also shown that volcanic eruptions and lowering of global temperatures are correlated. Four of the largest eruptions in the recent past have been associated with significant lowering of average global/regional temperatures (DGSDU, 2011) - the eruptions of Laki, Iceland in 1783, Mt Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Krakatu, Indonesia in 1883, and two large vol canic eruptions occurred within a gap of one month in 1991 – one in Philippines (Pinatubo) and Chile (Mt Hudson) in 1991. Over the next two years, the mean world temperature was observed to have dropped by about 1 °C. Research on the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland in 2010 showed that the effect of volcanoes on climate change could have been previously underestimated by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude (Boulon, Sellegri, Hervo, & Laj, 2011). This leads us to believe that there could have been a significant effect of volcano-induced climate change that significantly impacted the earth history. Impact on earth history The volcanic activity as we see today is only a small proportion of the level of volcanic activity of the historical past when large scale volcanic eruptions were much more common, long lasting, and frequent. Thus, the volcano induced climate change could possibly even have led to major changes in earth’s history. For example, approximately 70,000 years ago, a large scale volcanic eruption of Mt Toba, Sumatra may have caused a terribly cold winter leading to the coldest 1000 years of the Last Ice Age (Michigan Tech, 2011). Sev Kender conducted research on the middle Miocene period (16 to 11.5 million years ago) and found that super-volcanic eruptions may have caused terribly cold win

Theories on Discourse and Changes in Ideology

Theories on Discourse and Changes in Ideology Language, that makes us the Crown of Creatures, empowers us with an expressive medium which we exploit to communicate, understand, interpret, negate, acknowledge, appreciate, influence, persuade, dominate, control, etc. Metaphorically speaking, language helps us to caress and comfort our feelings, excite and thrill our spirit, rattle our nerves, kill our desire, and so on. Language is a variegated phenomenon. It can emotionally move and affect us as powerfully as physical actions. This is the power of language. 1.1 What is Discourse? The term discourse has been derived from French word discours meaning talk. In linguistics, discourse is a sequence of utterances. Grammarians define discourse as large pieces of speech and writing: stretches of language longer than a sentence. Language is used to mean something and to do something, and this meaning and doing is determined by the context of its usage. As discourse is dialogic in nature, the things which make it different from ordinary language use are context, creation, reception and interpretation. It should not be confused with either of the Chomskys or Saussures categories. It is neither performance or parole which is concerned with language in its actual utterances, nor competence or languewhere language is a code system and a system of communicative conventions. Although it contains both the elements, it goes beyond the distinction of performance or parole and competence or langue; it is the study of language use. If language is speech act and social behavior, discourse is a form of social practice. Foucault defines discourse as ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations which inhere in such knowledges and relations between them. Discourses are more than ways of thinking and producing meaning. They constitute the nature of the body, unconscious and conscious mind and emotional life of the subjects they seek to govern. (Weedon, 1987) a form of power that circulates in the social field and can attach to strategies of domination as well as those of resistance. (Diamond Quinby, 1988) In other words, discourse is a string of utterances concerned with the production of meaning. Discourse is a socially organized way of speaking. According to Foucault, discourse constructs the topic. It governs what can and cannot be said about the topic. Apart from governing the topic, it is also used to influence people to change ideas into practice (be it personal or others ideas), and to regulate the conduct of others. As discourse is concerned with the production of meaning, the utterances have a relation to common sense assumptions. Cultural hegemony is maintained through common sense assumptions which become universal ideologies through language or in other words discourse. Language exerts hidden power, like a moon on the tides. (Rita Mae Brown, Starting from Scratch, 1998) 1.2 What is Ideology? Ideologies are those ideas, values, attitudes, and (general or cultural) ways of thinking that shape our belief systems and mind sets about what is /isnt correct, and how it must be. Ideologies, be they religious or political or social, maintain power structures and social hierarchies and remain dominant and prevalent in the society through rhetorical discourse or hidden power in discourse. The main purpose of ideology is not only to change the existing structures, but also to maintain already existing set of ideals. Ideas, beliefs, and attitudes which maintain status quo become dominant or prevalent ideologies of the society. These ideologies are so powerful that they ignore and sideline those ideas which are against its very existence through a normative thought process and politics of the language. Ideologies when become shared experiences start making sense. People start making sense of their lives while observing them. In other words, they are no more false beliefs and ideas, rather a true and lived experience. THEORIES ON DISCOURSE IDEOLOGY The social theory has contributed in many ways to explore the role of language in exercising, maintaining and changing power. Firstly, the work in the theory of ideology talks about ideology as a mechanism of power without using coercive means and language as a locus of ideology which is significant in exercising power. Secondly, Michel Foucaults work ascribes central role to discourse in the development of power structures of forms. Thirdly, Jurgen Habermas theory of communicative action which challenges Marxist focus on economics or alienated labor- is considered as the sole determining factor of oppression. He argues that key to liberation is rather to be found in language and communication between people. 2.1 Marx and Ideology Karl Max, a social thinker of 19th century, talked of ideology in terms of an instrument of social production. He gave economic base and superstructure model of society, where base denotes the relation of production and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology. Base shapes the superstructure of any society, while the superstructure maintains and legitimates the base. According to Marx, bourgeoisie create and reinforce particular ways of thinking, in other words, particular ideology which in turn reinforce the structure of the society, thus maintaining status quo and existing hierarchies of status and power. Fig. 1: Marxs Base Superstructure Model of Society According to Karl Marx, social ideologies not only cause status quo or hegemony in the society, but also a conditioning where false consciousness created by the ruling class is justified. This conditioning makes us think that the way our society operates is for the best, and lower class justifies its own lower position in society. Michel Foucault in The Order of Discourse In The Order of Discourse, Foucault argues that the discourse is controlled by certain functions, actions and rules. In particular, certain topics are prohibited and who speaks is limited. Reason is valued and madness is ignored. It is also controlled by what we choose to comment on and by the will to truth. [T]he highest truth no longer resided in what discourse was or did, but in what is said: a day came when truth was displaced by from the ritualized, efficacious, and just act of enunciation, towards the utterance itself, its meaning, its form, its object, its relation to its reference. (1462) In every society, the production of discourse is at once controlled, selected, organized and redistributed by a certain number of procedures whose role is to ward off its powers and dangers, to gain mastery over its chance events, to evade its ponderous, formidable materiality (p.210). Foucault also talks about procedures of exclusion and procedures of inclusion. He states that prohibition of including or discussing certain topics very soon reveal [discourses] link with desire and with power (p.211). At another place he says that discourse is not simply that which translates struggles or systems of domination, but is the thing for which and by which there is struggle; discourse is the power which is to be seized (p.211). In Weedons (1987) in interpretation of Foucault is: A dynamic of control between discourses and the subjects, constituted by discourses, who are their agents. Power is exercised within discourses in the ways in which they constitute and govern individual subjects. Foucaults focus is upon questions of how some discourses have shaped and created meaning systems that have gained the status and currency of truth, and dominate how we define and organize both ourselves and our social world, whilst other alternative discourses are marginalised and subjugated, yet potentially offer sites where hegemonic practices can be contested, challenged and resisted. Foucault developed the concept of the discursive field as part of his attempt to understand the relationship between language, social institutions, subjectivity and power. Discursive fields, such as the law or the family, contain a number of competing and contradictory discourses with varying degrees of power to give meaning to and organize social institutions and processes. They also offer a range of modes of subjectivity (Weedon, 1987). It follows then that, if relations of power are dispersed and fragmented throughout the social field, so must resistance to power be (Diamond Quinby, 1988). Foucault argues though, in The Order of Discourse, that the will to truth is the major system of exclusion that forges discourse and which tends to exert a sort of pressure and something like a power of constraint on other discourses, and goes on further to ask the question what is at stake in the will to truth, in the will to utter this true discourse, if not desire and power? (1970, cited in Shapiro 1984, p. 113-4). Thus, there are both discourses that constrain the production of knowledge, dissent and difference and some that enable new knowledges and difference(s). The questions that arise within this framework, are to do with how some discourses maintain their authority, how some voices get heard whilst others are silenced, who benefits and how that is, questions addressing issues of power/ empowerment/ disempowerment. 2.3 Louis Althussers view of Ideology Louis Althusser builds on the work of Jacques Lacan to understand the way ideology functions in society. He thus moves away from the earlier Marxist understanding of ideology. In the earlier model, ideology was believed to create what was termed false consciousness, a false understanding of the way the world functioned (for example, the suppression of the fact that the products we purchase on the open market are, in fact, the result of the exploitation of laborers). Althusser revised Marxs view of ideology, which he described as: thought as an imaginary construction whose status is exactly like the theoretical status of the dream among writers before Freud. He saw human individuals being constituted as subjects through ideology. Consciousness and agency are experienced, but are the products of ideology speaking through the subject. Above all, ideology is an imaginary construction that represents the real world. However, it is so real to us that we never question it. Althusser posits a series of hypotheses that he explores to clarify his understanding of ideology: Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence (Lenin 109). The traditional way of thinking of ideology led Marxists to show how ideologies are false by pointing to the real world hidden by ideology (for example, the real economic base for ideology). According to Althusser, by contrast, ideology does not reflect the real world but represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to the real world; the thing ideology (mis)represents is itself already at one remove from the real. In this, Althusser follows the Lacanian understanding of the imaginary order, which is itself at one step removed from the Lacanian Real. In other words, we are always within ideology because of our reliance on language to establish our reality; different ideologies are but different representations of our social and imaginary reality not a representation of the Real itself. Ideology has a material existence (Lenin 112). Althusser contends that ideology has a material existence because an ideology always exists in an apparatus, and its practice, or practices (Lenin 112). Ideology always manifests itself through actions, which are inserted into practices (Lenin 114), for example, rituals, conventional behavior, and so on. It is our performance of our relation to others and to social institutions that continually instantiates us as subjects. Judith Butlers understanding of performativity could be said to be strongly influenced by this way of thinking about ideology. all ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects (Lenin 115). According to Althusser, the main purpose of ideology is in constituting concrete individuals as subjects (Lenin 116). So pervasive is ideology in its constitution of subjects that it forms our very reality and thus appears to us as true or obvious. Althusser gives the example of the hello on a street: the rituals of ideological recognition [] guarantee for us that we are indeed concrete, individual, distinguishable and (naturally) irreplaceable subjects (Lenin 117). Through interpellation, individuals are turned into subjects (which are always ideological). Althussers example is the hail from a police officer: Hey, you there!' (Lenin 118): Assuming that the theoretical scene I have imagined takes place in the street, the hailed individual will turn round. By this mere one-hundred-and-eighty-degree physical conversion, he becomes a subject (Lenin 118). The very fact that we do not recognize this interaction as ideological speaks to the power of ideology: what thus seems to take place outside ideology (to be precise, in the street), in reality takes place in ideology [.] That is why those who are in ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the effects of ideology is the practical denegation of the ideological character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, I am ideological. (Lenin 118) individuals are always-already subjects (Lenin 119). Although he presents his example of interpellation in a temporal form (I am interpellated and thus I become a subject, I enter ideology), Althusser makes it clear that the becoming-subject happens even before we are born. This proposition might seem paradoxical (Lenin 119), Althusser admits; nevertheless, That an individual is always-already a subject, even before he is born, is [] the plain reality, accessible to everyone and not a paradox at all (Lenin 119). Even before the child is born, it is certain in advance that it will bear its Fathers Name, and will therefore have an identity and be irreplaceable. Before its birth, the child is therefore always-already a subject, appointed as a subject in and by the specific familial ideological configuration in which it is expected once it has been conceived (Lenin119). Althusser thus once again invokes Lacans ideas, in this case Lacans understanding of the Name-of-the-Father. Most subjects accept their ideological self-constitution as reality or nature and thus rarely run afoul of the repressive State apparatus, which is designed to punish anyone who rejects the dominant ideology. Hegemony is thus reliant less on such repressive State apparatuses as the police than it is on those Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) by which ideology is inculcated in all subjects. (See the next module for an explanation of ISAs.) As Althusser puts it, the individual is interpellated as a (free) subject in order that he shall submit freely to the commandments of the Subject, i.e. in order that he shall (freely) accept his subjection, i.e. in order that he shall make the gestures and actions of his subjection all by himself' (Lenin 123). Louis Althussers ISA Althusser proposed a materialistic conception of ideology, which made use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are true. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is not told (but is suggested). For Althusser, beliefs and ideas are the products of social practices, not the reverse. What is ultimately important for Althusser are not the subjective beliefs held in the minds of human individuals, but rather the material institutions, rituals and discourses that produce these beliefs. Althusser identified the Ideological State Apparatus (ISA) as the method by which organizations propagate ideology primarily. Violence or threat of violence is secondary. ISAs for Althusser were religious, educational, family, cultural institutions. This is in contrast to the Repressive State Apparatus (RSA), by which compliance can be forced and includes the army, police, government, prisons. Force or threat of force is primary, while ideology is secondary. For example, arrest imprisonment, corporal punishment, etc. 2.4 Discourse as Social Practice Social relations of power and domination are sustained through ideology. To Fairclough, ideologies construct realities which give meaning to discursive practices. Through power relations implicit in orders of discourse, discourse becomes invested ideologically. Hence the discursive practices, loaded with ideologies not only produce, but also reproduce or transform social identities, social relations and systems of knowledge and belief. 2.4.1 Fairclough and Ideology: There are two ways of exercising power: through coercion and through consent. According to Fairclough, Ideology is the key mechanism of rule by consent, and discourse is a favored vehicle of ideology. It functions to establish, sustain or change domination or power relations in the society. For Fairclough, ideologies are constructions of reality which are built into various dimensions of the forms and meanings of discursive practices. Through power relations implicit in orders of discourse, discourse becomes invested ideologically. Through being ideologically invested, discourse is a mode of producing, reproducing or transforming social identities, social relations, and systems of knowledge and belief. Fairclough (1992) makes three claims about ideology, based in part on the French Marxist philosopher, Althusser: Ideology has a material basis in the social practices of institutions. As a form of social practice, discourse practices are material forms of ideology. Ideology interpellates subjects. It works by constituting people as subjects within the framework of ideology. Patriarchal ideology interpellates individuals as more powerful men or less powerful women. Racist ideology interpellates groups as ourselves and the Other (see Hall 1997 The Spectacle of the Other). Ideology operates through powerful ideological state apparatuses. Althusser contrasts what he terms the repressive agencies of the police, the military, prisons and the courts, with the ideological state apparatuses of the mass media, education and popular culture. In Faircloughs theory, all of these give rise to institutional and societal orders of discourse (the societal order of discourse is a condensation of the institutional orders of discourse). 2.4.2 Fairclough and Discourse Discourse involves two kinds of social conditions: social conditions of production and social conditions of interpretation. These social conditions are naturalized through the ideological functioning of the practices of dominant class. Fairclough describes underlying conventions of discourse which in fact determines discourse in terms of what Foucault refers to as orders of discourse. To Fairclough, these orders of discourse embody particular ideologies. Fairclough refers to the three dimensions of discourse. They are discursive practice (discourse practice), social practice (socio-cultural practice), and text. Social practice includes discourse which not only reflects reality, but also effect social structures which play active role in social change. Different subject positions determine different discoursal rights and obligations of individuals. Discourse practice refers to the production and reception of messages. Participants indulged in discourse construct their social identities and relations by knowing how to act in certain situations. For this participants draw on what Fairclough refers to as members resources (MR). This include internalized knowledge of social structure and social practices; knowledge about production and interpretation of discourse types; and detailed knowledge of particular linguistics and textual structuring devices. Text is the record of a communicative event. It can be written, spoken or visual. While analyzing text in terms of ideologies embedded in it, two things are very important: firstly, representation of ideological facts and beliefs and construction of participant identities (writer and reader), and secondly, textual function which frames the message. 3.How Ideologies are Embedded in Language Language produces, maintains and changes social relations of power. It also contributes to the domination of some people by others. Power is exercised through language in conversations and other forms of text or talk. When people interact linguistically, the conventional talk embodies common sense assumptions where power structures are treated as legitimized. According to Fairclough, these assumptions are ideologies which are closely linked to power and language. Power relations determine the conventional ideological assumptions, which in turn legitimize existing social relations and unequal power. Language, a social behavior, relies on common sense assumptions. The exercise of power in modern society is increasingly achieved through ideology, and more particularly through the ideological working of the language. (Fairclough, 1989) Further he says, Ideology is the prime means of manufacturing consent. 3.1 Memory Resources Ideological assumptions are mere common sense assumptions, and contribute to sustain existing power relations. To Fairclough, these common sense assumptions are memory resources (MR). when sender encodes a message, the receiver not only decodes it, but also interpret it by comparing and contrasting features of utterances with representations stored in long term memory. Fairclough refers to these prototypes as member resources: grammatical forms, structures, shapes of words, sequence of events, systems of meaning, sounds, etc. Interaction between interpreted utterance and MR results in comprehension. According to Fairclough, understanding how language, power, and ideology are interrelated requires attention to the processes of production and comprehension because MR/ representations/ prototypes are socially determined and ideologically shaped. They are so automatic, natural, legitimate and common sense assumptions that they remain in disguise. The sociologist Harold Garfinkel, describes the familiar common sense world of everyday life as a world which is built entirely upon assumptions and expectations which control both the action of members of society and their interpretation of the action of others. Such assumptions and expectations are implicit, back grounded, taken for granted, not things that people are consciously aware of and rarely explicit. Effectiveness of ideology depends to a considerable degree on it being merged with this common sense background to discourse and other forms of social action. 3.2 Language Ideologies in Text Language ideologies are not just ways of explaining language and language use for economic reasons, but are the language ideas of the dominant groups in society. They may equally be inter-changed with discourses about language. Ideologies are not untrue indeed, like stereotypes, there may be a degree of truth in them. Ideology is to study its effects on discourse forms and meanings and how discursive structures may in turn contribute to the formation and transformation of ideologies. However, ideologies are also at play when language users engage in the ongoing construction of context as subjective, as well as group sensitive, interpretations of social situations. While talking about ideologies embedded in text, we can say that this genre of discourse is a level of language use which is super-ordinate to sentences and texts. Text is not something having a beginning and an end. It involves exchange of meanings. Text are created by speakers and writers who share societys beliefs concerning what is right and what is wrong or about the way things should be for the best in society. When they want to maintain their belief systems or ideologies, they take the help of language. These ideologies remain implicit in the text as they seem natural or common sense. The ideologically loaded language of the text grants it the ideological power. Such langue has judgmental value and meaning as well. Many ideologically loaded words have their judgemental value because their meaning is rational. They exist as binary pairs: master/mistress, housewife/working mother, middle class/working class, freedom fighter/terrorist, hero/coward, etc. Some linguists maintain th at all language all meaning is an ideological construct. Following are few texts which are all related to social problems for one and social beliefs for the other. In other words, they contain social ideologies which are neutralized in the society. CONCLUSION Long-range social changes are driven by changes in ideology. But at a local level, change in actual discourse practices can be cumulative in effect. Both discourse and ideology are based on the relationship between power and knowledge. We tend to think of knowledge as empowering ourselves (Sarup, 1993). Besides this, knowledge is the ability to exercise power over others. So, power is both positive (productive in creating identities), and negative (destroy identities). In productive power, one is not reduced to one dimension as in ideologies and power is not held by one person or group for good. Rather, it exists as a circuit, something which is exercised by everyone in different situations. As where there is power there is always resistance, power can be challenged. We might not say certain things in certain situations, but by breaking the rules, we can re-define the limits of discourse. Hence, redefining the limits of discourse is something productive about power.

Adolf Hitler Caused World War II Essay

As I’m sure most people know Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Germans from August 2 1934 to April 30 1945, but do you know that as Fuhrer of Germany he was the driving force behind the start of WWII. During his reign he tried to bring Germany back to the powerful country it had been before the First World War. In this paper I will prove that Hitler’s actions lead to start of WWII, and I plan to prove how his direct disregard of the Treaty of Versailles pushed the world into WWII. I will begin with a little background on Hitler and what led him to become the Fuhrer of Germany. Hitler was a member of the German army during the First World War and, according to (Kershaw, 2008) after being temporarily blinded from a mustard gas bomb he was sent to Pasewalk, it was there that Hitler learned of the German defeat in WWI. After the war Hitler and the German people held a grudge against the United States and Europe for the passing of the Treaty of Versailles, which stated that Germany was the cause of the war. The Treaty also forced the German people to pay for the damage done during the war. This pushed Germany into a depression that left millions of people without work. This was the first of many reasons that Hitler secretly wished to conquer the European countries of Britain and France. In January of 1933 Hitler was named chancellor of Germany and this marked the beginning of his reign over a country that was in hardship. Hitler began his reign by urging President Hindenburg to pass the Reichstag Fire Decree, which would suspend basic rights and allow detention without a trial. Then after the election on March 6, 1933 Hitler brought the Enabling Act to a vote, and by using the Reichstag Fire Decree was able to garner the two thirds majority vote needed to pass the bill which then gave Hitler full legislative power. By doing this Hitler showed that he would do anything to assume the role of leader. This was just another step that was unknowingly leading Germany to war. Then in 1934 according to (Kershaw, 2008) Hitler executed the â€Å"Night of the Long Knives† which was the capture and killing of the entire SA leadership. Then a month later President Hindenburg died, which made Hitler the head of state. This allowed him to control all aspects of Germany, and also allowed him to start rebuilding the military forces that had been ordered to disband with the passing of the Treaty of Versailles. This was probably the biggest step thus far that would send Germany to war yet again. Along with that he had personally taken over as leader of the military when Werner von Blomberg had openly told Hitler that he disagreed with him about having the military ready to go to war as soon as 1938. (Shire, 1960) Over the next few months he had stripped 16 generals and had 44 more transferred because they were believed to not be sufficiently pro-Nazi. On February 3, 1933 during a meeting with German military leaders Hitler said his foreign policy was the conquest of Eastern Europe (Weinberg, 1970), also in 1933 Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, which should have been a warning sign that they were planning something big. This along with the increase of the Wehrmacht (German Army) to 600,000 should have thrown up some red flags to Britain and France that Hitler was up to no go. This was another of Hitler’s direct violations of the Versailles Treaty, yet no one stopped him, instead they let him continue untouched. Then in March of 1936 Germany reoccupied the Rhineland. They also declared an Axis with Italy in 1936. Then in 1937 Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan, yet another red flag. If not for the wounds of WWI still fresh in the hearts and minds of the British and American people I think we might have been able to avert the Second World War. As Hitler continued to grow the military of Germany, and expand their borders back to pre WWI he was slowly pushing the west into action. Hitler did not believe that his army could be defeated and he continued his expansion by annexing Austria in 1938. After that his next goal was to take over Czechoslovakia, but he was met with some force over this one. Czech had signed a treaty with Russia, and Britain and France both said they would defend Czech from the German forces. This angered Hitler, but he knew he could not overwhelm the forces of four different countries, so instead they all met and signed the Munich Pact(library.thinkquest.org/) which allowed Germany to take 50% of Czechoslovakia and leave the other hale untouched. While Hitler was reluctant he agreed, and then after signing the pact he turned around and annexed the rest of Czech. Hitler knew that he was taking a chance by annexing Czechoslovakia, but he believed that if he could take control of Czech he could use their land as a frontline to attack Russia, because he believed that Communism was wrong, and the only way to stop them was by invading and making them part of Germany. Basically Hitler believed that he could take over the entire continent and force them into Nazism. This was a cause for much concern, but it wasn’t until 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland that the declaration of war was made official. In conclusion I believe that all of the actions Hitler took from the start of his reign as chancellor up through his being appointed Fuhrer forced the western European countries to declare war upon Germany and their allies. I believe that if Hitler did not have dreams of world domination and riding the world of all Jews that maybe Germany might have avoided the Second World War, but as we all now know that is not the case. Instead Hitler thought that he had built an unstoppable army, and if not for Japan bombing Pearl Harbor Germany might have even won the war. References 1. Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2. Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3. Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster 4. Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 5. http://library.thinkquest.org/CRO212881/annex.html 6. http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/nazi.html 7. http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/hitler/hitler.htm 8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/adolf_hitler

Behavioral Change: Rubbing Snuff

Rubbing snuff, like other forms of tobacco use, is an addictive behavior that poses a serious challenge to individuals who want to change their habits. Perhaps an even greater challenge looms for those whose partners would like to change their behaviors! Paul’s habit of rubbing snuff is the ideal opportunity to enact a well-planned behavior plan intended to motivate lasting change. The specific targeted overt behavior is the act of swallowing tobacco juice. To understand this behavior, it’s important to consider the dimensions of the broader act of rubbing snuff.The frequency of Paul’s dipping is estimated around 5-8 times per day with the frequency of swallows much greater. Dipping is described as replacing or adding additional tobacco to the mouth. Intensity increases with the progression of the day, starting with smaller amounts in the upper lip and ending with larger quantities in the lower lip by nighttime. The intensity of swallowing also rises with this in crease in use. The duration of Paul’s tobacco use holds the greatest possibility for change.At baseline, he dips constantly from the moment of waking to seconds before retiring to bed. The latency of Paul’s dipping of additional interest in the development of an intervention. At baseline, he began dipping approximately 2. 5 seconds after opening his eyes in the morning. The latency of Paul’s first swallow of tobacco averages approximately 2 minutes after waking. The action of concern, swallowing of tobacco juice, is a behavior excess. Any swallowing greater than 0 times per day qualifies as the presence of this behavior in excess.The intervention selected to extinguish Paul’s swallowing behavior was the use of a pop bottle for spitting. Paul established a reasonable goal of less than 3 swallows per day for one week followed by less than 2 the next week. This decreasing trend would continue for several weeks until complete extinction is achieved. With the decrease in swallowing, it will be important to document the increase in spitting behavior. Paul will document the number of times he spits for two 30 minute intervals throughout the day.As he begins changing his behavior, it is hoped that increased spitting will aid the decrease in swallowing. A few ground rules will also be established to enforce the intervention. Paul should have his spit bottle, spittoon, and/or other spitting place on hand wherever he goes throughout the day. Along with targeting the decrease of swallowing tobacco juice, this intervention should also serve to increase the behavior of spitting. The reaction of poor Paul’s wife to this change is yet to be determined! The effectiveness of this intervention was assessed on a daily and then weekly basis.By the third week, Paul experienced complete swallowing cessation and had increased his frequency of spitting from relatively nothing to dozens of times a day. The result was the elimination of vomiting behavi or, a perceived increase in energy, and self-reported decreases in fatigue. According to subjective and objective reports, Paul accomplished significant behavioral change. To improve the likelihood Paul would maintain his behavioral change, one final reporting and documentation measure was used two months after the start of the intervention.Hidden cameras were placed in Paul’s home and place of work to record each and every time he demonstrated the primary target behavior (swallowing tobacco juice) and the secondary desired replacement behavior (spitting in the bottle). The results were encouraging. Paul had completely stopped swallowing, but had also decreased the frequency of his need to spit throughout the day. With careful review, this was related to a decrease in duration of Paul’s dipping habit during the day. Paul was on his way to rubbing snuff out of his life! Behavioral Change: Rubbing Snuff Rubbing snuff, like other forms of tobacco use, is an addictive behavior that poses a serious challenge to individuals who want to change their habits. Perhaps an even greater challenge looms for those whose partners would like to change their behaviors! Paul’s habit of rubbing snuff is the ideal opportunity to enact a well-planned behavior plan intended to motivate lasting change. The specific targeted overt behavior is the act of swallowing tobacco juice. To understand this behavior, it’s important to consider the dimensions of the broader act of rubbing snuff.The frequency of Paul’s dipping is estimated around 5-8 times per day with the frequency of swallows much greater. Dipping is described as replacing or adding additional tobacco to the mouth. Intensity increases with the progression of the day, starting with smaller amounts in the upper lip and ending with larger quantities in the lower lip by nighttime. The intensity of swallowing also rises with this in crease in use. The duration of Paul’s tobacco use holds the greatest possibility for change.At baseline, he dips constantly from the moment of waking to seconds before retiring to bed. The latency of Paul’s dipping of additional interest in the development of an intervention. At baseline, he began dipping approximately 2. 5 seconds after opening his eyes in the morning. The latency of Paul’s first swallow of tobacco averages approximately 2 minutes after waking. The action of concern, swallowing of tobacco juice, is a behavior excess. Any swallowing greater than 0 times per day qualifies as the presence of this behavior in excess.The intervention selected to extinguish Paul’s swallowing behavior was the use of a pop bottle for spitting. Paul established a reasonable goal of less than 3 swallows per day for one week followed by less than 2 the next week. This decreasing trend would continue for several weeks until complete extinction is achieved. With the decrease in swallowing, it will be important to document the increase in spitting behavior. Paul will document the number of times he spits for two 30 minute intervals throughout the day.As he begins changing his behavior, it is hoped that increased spitting will aid the decrease in swallowing. A few ground rules will also be established to enforce the intervention. Paul should have his spit bottle, spittoon, and/or other spitting place on hand wherever he goes throughout the day. Along with targeting the decrease of swallowing tobacco juice, this intervention should also serve to increase the behavior of spitting. The reaction of poor Paul’s wife to this change is yet to be determined! The effectiveness of this intervention was assessed on a daily and then weekly basis.By the third week, Paul experienced complete swallowing cessation and had increased his frequency of spitting from relatively nothing to dozens of times a day. The result was the elimination of vomiting behavi or, a perceived increase in energy, and self-reported decreases in fatigue. According to subjective and objective reports, Paul accomplished significant behavioral change. To improve the likelihood Paul would maintain his behavioral change, one final reporting and documentation measure was used two months after the start of the intervention.Hidden cameras were placed in Paul’s home and place of work to record each and every time he demonstrated the primary target behavior (swallowing tobacco juice) and the secondary desired replacement behavior (spitting in the bottle). The results were encouraging. Paul had completely stopped swallowing, but had also decreased the frequency of his need to spit throughout the day. With careful review, this was related to a decrease in duration of Paul’s dipping habit during the day. Paul was on his way to rubbing snuff out of his life!

Admission Essay on What Book Would You Write

All We Need is Love For centuries writers and poets have addressed all the spheres of human activities. They wrote about feelings, emotions, historic events, scientific inventions, biographies. But if I were a writer, I would still choose to write on the topic which is far from being original. I would definitely write about love. First of all, love is a feeling that at least once was experienced by every person on our planet. And it is no wonder that people are more eager to read about something that they know from their own experience. However, love is deep and has many shades and meanings. It can be love to a man or a woman, a love of a parent to a child, a love of the God to his creation, a love to a friend or a relative. Yet, it always has the spirit of novelty and, thus, still gives a possibility to write something original. Second, the theme of love can be exploited almost in any genre and does not have to be confined to a love story exclusively. If you read an interesting detective story, an adventure book or a science fiction novel, you will find out that one of the key topics will necessarily concern love. Finally, mutual love is something every person dreams of. The desire to find it is so strong that people are ready to read the stories about the characters who overcome a lot of difficulties and meet their Mr. or Miss Right again and again. So, as once the Beatles sang: â€Å"All we need is love†. That is why love would be an ideal subject matter for my book, allowing me to choose the genre and the composition of the book freely, making it popular, yet original.